A precursor of NAD+, niacinamide supports cellular energy metabolism and DNA repair. It works upstream — helping maintain the energy currency all repair processes depend on.

NAD+ is essential for mitochondrial energy production and DNA repair. Studies show niacinamide can restore NAD+ levels in ageing cells and support collagen synthesis in older fibroblasts.

One of skin's most important antioxidants, Vitamin C neutralises the free radicals generated by UV exposure and environmental stress — the same oxidative damage that depletes cellular energy reserves and slows mitochondrial function. It also acts as an essential co-factor in collagen synthesis, making it a crossover active that supports both the energy and structural domains. Vitamin C is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis — without it, collagen cannot be properly formed. As an antioxidant, it has been shown to significantly reduce oxidative stress in skin cells, helping to preserve the mitochondrial function that underpins all repair processes.

Extremolytes are natural compounds produced by microorganisms that have evolved to survive extreme environments — intense heat, cold, UV radiation and osmotic stress. Applied topically, they form a protective shield around skin cells, stabilising cellular structures under stress and reducing the energy cost of environmental defence. When skin spends less energy managing stress, more is available for repair.

Clinical studies on ectoin and related extremolytes have demonstrated significant protective effects on cellular membranes and proteins under oxidative and thermal stress. By reducing the cellular burden of environmental damage, extremolytes help preserve the energy reserves skin needs for its own repair processes.